OIL SAND AND DEPLETED GAS ZONE
This case history shows an unusual fluid distribution. Here we have gas over water over oil (oil or bitumen) over another water zone, all in the same continuous pressure regime. The oil lies under a water zone because the oil is heavier than water OR because the sediments that now contain water and gas were deposited after the oil was degraded to become immoveable. In some areas, bitumen sits near the surface and can be mined in open pits after the glacial till is stripped off. Where the oil zone is deeper, it is extracted by steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) or by fire flood coking. Reservoir continuity vertically and horizontally is an important economic factor, so detailed petrophysics in closely spaced evaluation wells is a critical step.

 

Oil sands at 63 times magnification: shaly sand (left) with Vsh > 35%,
 clean sand (right) with Vsh < 5%.

Shale breaks and thick low grade oil are unattractive targets for mining or in-situ production. In the example below, two wells are shown that are less than 100 meters apart. In the oil zone, the individual shale lenses are not correlatable over even this short distance. They act as baffles to the flow of steam upward and to the flow of oil downward to the collector wells. This example shows wells with reasonable quality reservoir characteristics. More shale on average is less attractive; less shale would be better. Note that these logs are on a highly compressed vertical scale, making them harder to see than other examples in this Handbook.

The gas zone above the oil sand is also interesting. In the well on the left below, the gas crossover is clearly visible, shaded red, on the density neutron logs. The resistivity, shaded blue, is relatively high, even though the zone is somewhat shaly on the gamma ray. Contrast this with the well on the right, drilled 5 years later, but less than 100 meters away. There is still crossover on the entire gas interval, but the high resistivity covers only the top half of the zone. The lower half of the gas zone now has low resistivity - it is wetter than before, indicating that some of the gas has gone. Production from other wells has partially depleted this reservoir. Crossover still exists in the depleted zone because of residual gas. In fact, residual gas in a depleted zone is about the same as residual gas in an invaded zone, so unless recovery factor is extremely high, depleted gas zones will have some crossover, if they are clean enough to show crossover at all.

The water between the gas and oil is called "top water" by the oil explorationist, to distinguish it from the "bottom water" below the oil. Either or both of the gas and top water zones may be missing in this region.

The moral of the tale is that gas crossover can be misleading. First, prove it is gas and not bad hole condition or sandstone on a limestone scale. Second, check that the zone is resistive enough to still have a reasonably attractive water saturation. Then test the zone to be sure.

Oil sand (both wells) with gas above water (top left) and partially depleted gas (above right).

Petrophysical analysis results for gas over water over oil over water example. Top water is thicker in the well at right due gas depletion. Bottom water contact is tilted due to movement after oil became immobile and before gas was trapped (horizontal original gas water contact).

This is a different well showing the match between log analysis and core analysis results. The porosity track shows oil in green and water in blue with core data as black dots. The core porosity matches log analysis total porosity (PHIt) not effective porosity (OHIe), because the core assay is done using the Dean-Stark Method.  Core oil saturation is plotted on (1 - SW). The match is not perfect as the SW is the effective saturation and core is based on total porosity. However, the oil mass in Track 1 matches quite well, as both core and log analysis methods reconcile their differences inside the equations. A small fix to a lower RW would shift the log curves to an even better match.